Abstract
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated efficient and accurate triaging of patients for more effective allocation of resources and treatment. OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to investigate parameters and risk stratification tools that can be applied to predict mortality within 90 days of hospital admission in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A literature search of original studies assessing systems and parameters predicting mortality of patients with COVID-19 was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE. RESULTS: 589 titles were screened, and 76 studies were found investigating the prognostic ability of 16 existing scoring systems (area under the receiving operator curve (AUROC) range: 0.550-0.966), 38 newly developed COVID-19-specific prognostic systems (AUROC range: 0.6400-0.9940), 15 artificial intelligence (AI) models (AUROC range: 0.840-0.955) and 16 studies on novel blood parameters and imaging. DISCUSSION: Current scoring systems generally underestimate mortality, with the highest AUROC values found for APACHE II and the lowest for SMART-COP. Systems featuring heavier weighting on respiratory parameters were more predictive than those assessing other systems. Cardiac biomarkers and CT chest scans were the most commonly studied novel parameters and were independently associated with mortality, suggesting potential for implementation into model development. All types of AI modelling systems showed high abilities to predict mortality, although none had notably higher AUROC values than COVID-19-specific prediction models. All models were found to have bias, including lack of prospective studies, small sample sizes, single-centre data collection and lack of external validation. CONCLUSION: The single parameters established within this review would be useful to look at in future prognostic models in terms of the predictive capacity their combined effect may harness.