Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant health concern, affecting a large portion of the global population, including Jordan. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia and leads to a wide range of complications and comorbidities. Hyperglycemia influences blood components and parameters, which is a major area of medical research. However, there is no consensus on how hyperglycemia impacts hematological parameters among different types of DM in Jordan. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the effects of T1DM, T2DM, and prediabetes on selected hematological, inflammatory, and metabolic markers. METHODS: This study population consisted of one hundred and twenty samples and divided into 4 distinct groups as follows: 40 samples for prediabetic individuals, 40 samples for T2DM patients, 10 samples for T1DM, and 30 samples for normoglycemic individuals as controls. Hematological, inflammatory, and metabolic markers were measured using flow cytometric analysis and ELISA. Results: Our results showed that individuals with T2DM and prediabetes have higher levels of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets compared to healthy controls. Consistently, complete blood count (CBC)-derived parameters in T2DM were also elevated, but this was not significant in prediabetic and T1DM groups. Hyperglycemia in T1DM increased platelet counts but did not affect leukocyte and erythrocyte counts. Additionally, diabetic patients exhibited inflammatory phenotypes, indicated by an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in T2DM patients and circulating IL-6 levels in both T2DM and T1DM. The positive effects of hyperglycemia on insulin resistance and secretion were consistent across all three forms. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide insights into using hematological parameters as valuable tools for understanding the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia.