Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can be mimicked or blocked by pharmacologic agents, which modulate the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mK(ATP)) channel, thereby implicating this channel in the mechanism of IPC. Cardioprotection can also be achieved via inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex II, and significant pharmacologic overlap exists between complex II inhibitors and mK(ATP) channel agonists. However, the relationship between complex II and the mK(ATP) channel remains unclear. Atpenin A5 (AA5) is a potent and specific complex II inhibitor, and herein we report that AA5 (1 nM) also activates the mK(ATP) channel and protects against simulated ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in isolated cardiomyocytes. Similar to known mK(ATP) agonists, AA5-mediated protection was sensitive to the mK(ATP) antagonists 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD) and glyburide. Notably, the optimal mK(ATP) opening and protective concentration of AA5 had no effect on complex II enzymatic activity, suggesting an interaction of AA5 with complex II, but not inhibition of the complex per se, is necessary for protection. A cardioprotective effect of AA5 was also observed in isolated perfused hearts, wherein AA5 increased post-IR contractile function and decreased infarct size, in a 5HD-sensitive manner. In conclusion, the specific complex II inhibitor AA5 is the most potent mK(ATP) activator discovered to date, and provides a novel method of activating mK(ATP) channels and protecting the heart from IR injury.