Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucocutaneous disease (BVD-MD). Its associated co-infections pose a threat to the cattle industry, which is becoming a key breakthrough in the global system of prevention in the cattle industry. In recent years, cases of co-infection have occurred and been reported from time to time, and this situation not only poses certain difficulties in controlling the outbreak and in treatment in the farming industry, but also poses considerable challenges in detection and diagnosis. In this review, by systematically integrating studies on BVDV co-infection, we firstly compared and analysed the characteristics of BVDV co-infection with viruses, bacteria and other pathogens in in vivo/in vitro models in terms of synergism, host immune response and epidemiological transmission. Then we systematically constructed a BVDV Co-infection Impact Map, which demonstrates a paradigm of pathogen-host-immune interactions in the transmission of BVDV and provides a theoretical framework for breaking through the current precision diagnostic strategies and showcasing the effectiveness of integrated prevention and control.