Abstract
Antigenic variation of gonococcal pili results from the unidirectional transfer of genetic information from variant-encoding partial pilin genes to an active expression locus. Two potential mechanisms that may result in the observed alterations of gene linkage and organization are conversion and transformation. To determine the relative contributions of these two distinct pathways of recombination to pilus variation, gonococcal strains carrying defined frameshift, missense, and nonsense mutations within the pilin expression locus were constructed. Reversion to a piliated state required correction of the lesions and provided a simple means of scoring productive recombination and antigenic variation. Examination of the mutants revealed a lack of correspondence between the frequencies with which they could be transformed (10(-6) per recipient) and the incidence with which they gave rise to revertants (greater than 10(-4) per colony-forming unit per generation). Further, the rates of reversion demonstrated by these mutants were not altered by growth in the presence of DNase I, conditions that abolished intercellular transfer of chromosomal markers during cultivation. Through the use of a pilin mutant in which a frameshift mutation encompassed the introduction of a restriction endonuclease site, the symmetry of recombination that resulted in reversion could be scored by Southern hybridization. In all cases examined, the DNA alterations responsible for pilin variation were nonreciprocal events. The results favor the model that productive pilin gene rearrangements in gonococci arise by gene conversion.