Abstract
BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency can result in hyporetinolemia and hepatic vitamin A (VA) sequestration. OBJECTIVES: We used model-based compartmental analysis to determine the impact of iron repletion on VA metabolism and kinetics in iron-deficient rats. METHODS: At weaning, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either a VA-marginal diet (0.35 mg retinol equivalent/kg) with adequate iron (35 ppm, control group [CN]) or reduced iron (3 ppm, iron-deficient group [ID-]), with an equivalent average body weight for each group. After 5 wk, n = 4 rats from each group were euthanized for baseline measurements of VA and iron indices, and the remaining rats (n = 6 CN, n = 10 ID-) received an intravenous injection of 3H-labeled retinol in an emulsion as tracer to initiate the kinetic study. On day 21 after dosing, half of the ID- rats were switched to the CN diet to initiate iron repletion, referred to as the iron-repletion group (ID+). From the time of dosing, 34 serial blood samples were collected from each rat over a 92-d time course. Plasma tracer and tissue tracee data were fitted to 6- and 4-compartment models, respectively, to analyze the kinetic behavior of VA in all groups. RESULTS: Our mathematical model indicated that ID- rats exhibited a nearly 6-fold decrease in liver VA secretion and >4-fold reduction in whole-body VA utilization, compared with CN rats, whereas these perturbed kinetic behaviors were notably corrected in ID+ rats, close to those from the CN group. CONCLUSIONS: Iron repletion can remove the inhibitory effect that iron deficiency exerts on hepatic mobilization of VA and restore retinol kinetic parameters to values similar to that of never-deficient CN rats. Together with improvements in iron and VA indices, our results suggest that restoration of an iron-adequate diet is sufficient to improve VA kinetics after a previous state of iron deficiency.