Abstract
Aims and objectives This study aimed to analyze the mandibular foramen (MF) by identifying its average vertical and horizontal diameters, determining its localization, and assessing the prevalence of accessory mandibular foramina. Methodology The study was conducted at the Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India over one month in August 2024. A total of 77 human dry mandibles were examined, excluding those that were damaged to the extent that measurements could not be taken. The dimensions of the MF were measured in two directions: superoinferior and anteroposterior. Localization measurements were taken from the MF to key anatomical landmarks, including the coronoid notch, the inferior border of the ramus, the pterygomandibular raphe (third molar tooth), and the posterior border of the ramus. Measurements were recorded using digital vernier calipers and documented in Google Sheets (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA). The study also recorded the presence or absence of accessory MF. Results The superoinferior diameter of the MF was found to be 4.20 ± 0.94 mm (right (R)) and 4.28 ± 1.21 mm (left (L)). The anteroposterior diameter was found to be 3.55 ± 0.90 mm (R) and 3.60 ± 0.80 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the coronoid notch was found to be 17.60 ± 2.95 mm (R) and 17.93 ± 3.16 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the inferior border was found to be 24.61 ± 4.32 mm (R) and 24.20 ± 4.28 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the pterygomandibular raphe was found to be 20.93 ± 1.98 mm (R) and 20.63 ± 2.00 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the posterior border was found to be 11.31 ± 1.67 mm (R) and 11.70 ± 2.28 mm (L). This present study identified 20 instances of an accessory MF, with 10 occurring on each side. Additionally, 10 mandibles displayed accessory mandibular foramina on both sides. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of the MF and its anatomical landmarks in this study offers valuable insights that enhance our understanding of mandibular anatomy, with direct implications for clinical practice. The identification of the pterygomandibular raphe as a measurable landmark from within the buccal cavity introduces a practical guide for dental practitioners and maxillofacial surgeons, potentially improving the accuracy of surgical and anesthetic procedures. Furthermore, the detailed measurements of MF width provide a foundation for refining anesthetic techniques, thereby enhancing patient outcomes. The observed prevalence of accessory MF underscores the importance of considering anatomical variability in clinical practice, highlighting the need for continuous anatomical research to advance clinical methodologies and ultimately improve patient care and surgical success.