Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical importance of intensive care units (ICUs), a field institutionalized by Bjørn Ibsen during the 1952 polio epidemic in Copenhagen. Ibsen's groundbreaking innovations, including positive pressure ventilation and real-time physiological monitoring, laid the foundation for modern intensive care medicine. Trained in Denmark and the United States, Ibsen demonstrated the effectiveness of manual ventilation during the polio outbreak after successfully resuscitating a young patient, Vivi Ebert, which in turn led to the creation of the world's first multidisciplinary ICU at Blegdams Hospital. This article explores the historical context and significance of Ibsen's contributions, tracing the evolution of the physiology of breathing from the early concepts of Vesalius and Hook to the widespread application of ventilation techniques. The establishment of the ICU introduced new ethical dilemmas, highlighting the delicate balance between prolonging life and maintaining patient dignity. Ibsen's legacy extends beyond medical advancements to the compassionate care he championed, a principle that remains a cornerstone of modern intensive care. This ethical complexity is a crucial aspect of the history of intensive care medicine.