Abstract
Chemical conversion of materials is completed in milliseconds or seconds by assembling atoms over semiconductor photocatalysts. Bandgap-excited electrons and holes reactive on this time scale are key to efficient atom assembly to yield the desired products. In this study, attenuated total reflection of infrared and near-infrared light was applied to characterize and quantify the electronic absorption of TiO(2) photocatalysts excited in liquid. Nanoparticles of rutile or anatase were placed on a diamond prism, covered with liquid, and irradiated by steady UV light through the prism. Electrons excited in rutile particles (JRC-TIO-6) formed small polarons characterized by a symmetric absorption band spread over 10000-700 cm(-1) with a maximum at 6000 cm(-1). Electrons in anatase particles (JRC-TIO-7) created large polarons and produced an asymmetric absorption band that gradually strengthened at wavenumbers below 5000 cm(-1) and sharply weakened at 1000 cm(-1). The absorption spectrum of large electron polarons in TIO-7 was compared with the absorption reported in a Sr-doped NaTaO(3) photocatalyst, and it was suggested that excited electrons were accommodated as large polarons in NaTaO(3) photocatalysts efficient for artificial photosynthesis. UV-light power dependence of the absorption bands was observed in N(2)-exposed decane liquid to deduce electron-hole recombination kinetics. With light power density P > 200 W m(-2) (TIO-6) and 2000 W m(-2) (TIO-7), the polaron absorptions were enhanced with absorbance being proportional to P(1/2). The observed 1/2-order power law suggested recombination of multiple electrons and holes randomly moving in each particle. Upon excitation with smaller P, the power-law order increased to unity. The unity-order power law was interpreted with recombination of an electron and a hole that were excited by the same photon. In addition, an average lifetime of 1 ms was estimated with electron polarons in TIO-6 when weakly excited at P = 20 W m(-2) to simulate solar-light irradiation.