Abstract
Multiple techniques for the creation of continent catheterizable channels have been reported. Several continence mechanisms have been used, including tunneled flap valves, nipple valves, and hydraulic valves. Moreover, several organs have been used, including the appendix, bowel, ureters, and bladders. In this review, we describe various techniques and their outcomes in the adult neuro-urological population. Compared to nipple valves, tunneled flap valves using the appendix and other organs are the most commonly performed procedures but have a higher number of reported complications when compared to nipple valves. Hydraulic valves have been largely abandoned due to disappointing long-term results.