Abstract
In this research, we investigated the influence of feedwater ionic strength on diffusion of divalent ions through a hollow-fiber nanofiltration membrane. The results indicated that solute flux of magnesium was increased as a result of elevating the ionic strength in the feedwater. Specifically, the feedwater ionic strength was observed to have a nonlinear impact on the diffusion of magnesium during the nanofiltration process, which was under-predicted by the homogeneous solution diffusion (HSD) model. This result suggested that elevating the feedwater ionic strength had reduced the strength of the electrostatic double layer at the membrane surface. We then developed a modification of the HSD model (referred to as the HSD-IS model) which incorporated an empirical term related to the effect of feedwater ionic strength (IS) on diffusion of magnesium. The root mean squared error of the HSD-IS model was improved by 77% as compared to the HSD model, which did not incorporate a term related to feedwater ionic strength. This improvement suggested that feedwater ionic strength should be considered when modeling hardness removal during nanofiltration.