Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia can be harnessed to produce CO(2) emission neutral bio-based 1-butanol, a valuable compound with a broad range of applications, e.g., in industrial production, as a solvent and as a fuel additive or replacement. However, the relatively low butanol titers and high feedstock costs prevent bio-butanol production on an industrial scale. Agricultural side-stream materials, like milling byproducts, are starch-rich, low-cost and produced all year round. They could be suitable substrates for bio-butanol production by ABE fermentation. RESULTS: The milling byproducts wheat red dog (WRD), rye second flour (RSF), wheat bran (WB), rye bran (RB) and ergot sclerotia-containing rye waste stream (ER) were found to contain between ~ 30 and ~ 85% glucan, most of which was starch based. WRD, RSF and ER had the highest glucan content, while the brans contained significant xylan concentrations. Four strains selected from the collection of solventogenic clostridia available in our group produced > 6 g/L butanol on the majority of these substrates, with Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 showing the best ABE production performance when regarding all tested substrates. Toxic ergot sclerotia-containing waste material was found to be a suited substrate for ABE fermentation. Strain NCIMB 8052 exhibited butanol titers of up to 9 g/L on substrate mixtures of WRD plus ER and the highest butanol yield per used sugars. Finally, a semi-continuous ABE fermentation of C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 on WRD plus ER could be maintained for 96 h. The volumetric ABE productivity during the continuous phase of fermentation was ~ 0.41 g L(-1) h(-1) and a total of 37.7 g ABE was produced out of 168.2 g substrate. CONCLUSIONS: Based on their carbohydrate composition, WRD, RSF and ER were the milling byproducts best suited as substrates for bio-butanol production by clostridial ABE fermentation. Importantly, also ergot sclerotia-containing waste materials can be used as substrates, which can help to reduce process costs. The semi-continuous fermentation showed that clostridial ABE fermentation on milling byproducts may represent a suitable avenue for commercial butanol production after further process and/or strain optimization.