Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and urine concentrations of the uremic retention solutes (URSs), indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol sulfate (PCS), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and gut microbiota composition in individuals with moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with matched adults without CKD in a 6-day controlled feeding study. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis in which 8 adults with moderate CKD were matched for age, sex, and race with 8 adults without CKD in a parallel-arm, 6-day controlled feeding study. IS, PCS, and TMAO were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in fecal samples, fasting serum, and fasting spot urine samples collected at the end of the feeding period. RESULTS: Fasting serum URS concentrations were 2.8 to 4.9x higher in CKD compared to controls (all P < .05). No differences were found in the composition of the gut microbiota between patients with and without CKD when analyzing samples for α-diversity, β-diversity, and only minor abundance differences across taxa were apparent. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was inversely related to each serum URS in the whole cohort (all P < .01). However, within groups the relationships between eGFR and serum URS remained strong for CKD patients for IS and TMAO (both P < .05) but weakened for PCS (P = .10). eGFR was only correlated with urine PCS in the whole cohort (P = .03); within groups, no correlation for eGFR with any urine URS was observed. Only urine TMAO was higher in CKD compared to controls (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Serum URS concentrations are elevated in adults with CKD compared to matched non-CKD adults without differences in gut microbiota composition after consuming the same controlled study diet for 6 days. Future studies are needed to determine if specific dietary components may differentially alter the microbiota and URS.