Abstract
By analyzing two large atlases of almost 4 million cells, we show that immune-senescence involves a gradual loss of cellular identity, reflecting increased cellular heterogeneity, for effector, and cytotoxic immune cells. The effects are largely similar in both males and females and were robustly reproduced in two atlases, one assembled from 35 diverse studies including 678 adults, the other the OneK1K study of 982 adults. Since the mean transcriptional differences among cell-types remain constant across age deciles, there is little evidence for the alternative mechanism of convergence of cell-type identity. Key pathways promoting activation and stemness are down-regulated in aged T cells, while CD8 TEM and CD4 CTLs exhibited elevated inflammatory, and cytotoxicity in older individuals. Elevated inflammatory signaling pathways, such as MAPK and TNF-alpha signaling via NF-kB, also occur across all aged immune cells, particularly amongst effector immune cells. This finding of lost transcriptional identity with age carries several implications, spanning from a fundamental biological understanding of aging mechanisms to clinical perspectives on the efficacy of immunomodulation in elderly people.