Abstract
Bluetooth low energy (BLE)-based indoor localization has been extensively researched due to its cost-effectiveness, low power consumption, and ubiquity. Despite these advantages, the variability of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements, influenced by physical obstacles, human presence, and electronic interference, poses a significant challenge to accurate localization. In this work, we present an optimised method to enhance indoor localization accuracy by utilising multiple BLE beacons in a radio frequency (RF)-dense modern building environment. Through a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that using three BLE beacons reduces localization error from a worst-case distance of 9.09-2.94 m, whereas additional beacons offer minimal incremental benefit in such settings. Furthermore, our framework for BLE-based localization, implemented on an edge network of Raspberry Pies, has been released under an open-source license, enabling broader application and further research.