Abstract
A comprehensive study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal transition and temperature humidity index (THI) on the adaptive responses in crossbred dairy cows reared in a tropical savanna region. A total of 40 lactating dairy cattle reared by small-scale dairy farmers in Bengaluru, India, were selected for this study. The research period comprised the transitioning season of summer to monsoon, wherein all traits were recorded at two points, one representing late summer (June) and the other early monsoon (July). A set of extensive variables representing physiological responses (pulse rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, skin surface temperature), hematological responses (hematological profile), production (test day milk yield, milk composition) and molecular patterns (PBMC mRNA relative expression of selective stress response genes) were assessed. A significant effect of seasonal transition was identified on respiration rate (RR), skin surface temperature, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDWc), test day milk yield and on milk composition variables (milk density, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF) and salts). The THI had a significant effect on RR, skin surface temperature, platelet count (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT) and PDWc. Lastly, THI and/or seasonal transition significantly affected the relative PBMC mRNA expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), interferon beta (IFNβ), IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes. The results from this study reveal environmental sensitivity of novel physiological traits and gene expressions to climatic stressors, highlighting their potential as THI-independent heat stress biomarkers.