Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccination-related axillary lymphadenopathy has become an important problem in cancer imaging. Data are needed to update or support imaging guidelines for conducting appropriate follow-up. Purpose To investigate the prevalence, predisposing factors, and MRI characteristics of COVID-19 vaccination-related axillary lymphadenopathy. Materials and Methods Prospectively collected prevaccination and postvaccination chest MRI scans were secondarily analyzed. Participants who underwent two doses of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and chest MRI from June to October 2021 were included. Enlarged axillary lymph nodes were identified on postvaccination MRI scans compared with prevaccination scans. The lymph node diameter, signal intensity with T2-weighted imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the largest enlarged lymph nodes were measured. These values were compared between prevaccination and postvaccination MRI by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Overall, 433 participants (mean age, 65 years ± 11 [SD]; 300 men and 133 women) were included. The prevalence of axillary lymphadenopathy in participants 1-14 days after vaccination was 65% (30 of 46). Participants with lymphadenopathy were younger than those without lymphadenopathy (P < .001). Female sex and the Moderna vaccine were predisposing factors (P = .005 and P = .003, respectively). Five or more enlarged lymph nodes were noted in 2% (eight of 433) of participants. Enlarged lymph nodes greater than or equal to 10 mm in the short axis were noted in 1% (four of 433) of participants. The median signal intensity relative to the muscle on T2-weighted images was 4.0; enlarged lymph nodes demonstrated a higher signal intensity (P = .002). The median ADC of enlarged lymph nodes after vaccination in 90 participants was 1.1 × 10(-3) mm(2)/sec (range, 0.6-2.0 × 10(-3) mm(2)/sec), thus ADC values remained normal. Conclusion Axillary lymphadenopathy after the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines was frequent within 2 weeks after vaccination, was typically less than 10 mm in size, and had a normal apparent diffusion coefficient. © RSNA, 2022.