Abstract
The symbiotic planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa inhabits open ocean oligotrophic ecosystems where dissolved nutrients are scarce and often limit biological productivity. It has previously been proposed that O. universa meets its nitrogen (N) requirements by preying on zooplankton, and that its symbiotic dinoflagellates recycle metabolic 'waste ammonium' for their N pool. However, these conclusions were derived from bulk (15)N-enrichment experiments and model calculations, and our understanding of N assimilation and exchange between the foraminifer host cell and its symbiotic dinoflagellates remains poorly constrained. Here, we present data from pulse-chase experiments with (13)C-enriched inorganic carbon, (15)N-nitrate, and (15)N-ammonium, as well as a (13)C- and (15)N- enriched heterotrophic food source, followed by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) coupled to NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) isotopic imaging to visualize and quantify C and N assimilation and translocation in the symbiotic system. High levels of (15)N-labelling were observed in the dinoflagellates and in foraminiferal organelles and cytoplasm after incubation with (15)N-ammonium, indicating efficient ammonium assimilation. Only weak (15)N-assimilation was observed after incubation with (15)N-nitrate. Feeding foraminifers with (13)C- and (15)N-labelled food resulted in dinoflagellates that were labelled with (15)N, thereby confirming the transfer of (15)N-compounds from the digestive vacuoles of the foraminifer to the symbiotic dinoflagellates, likely through recycling of ammonium. These observations are important for N isotope-based palaeoceanographic reconstructions, as they show that δ(15)N values recorded in the organic matrix in symbiotic species likely reflect ammonium recycling rather than alternative N sources, such as nitrates.