Abstract
Early life stress has far-reaching effects on various aspects of well-being in later life, but whether it impacts resilience, i.e., the ability to tolerate hardship, in old age remains unclear. We investigated whether childhood adversities and childhood home atmosphere are associated with resilience in old age directly or indirectly through poorer physical and psychological functioning in late middle age. The data comprised 1176 persons born in 1934-1944 and were collected over a 17-year follow-up in 2001-2018. Childhood adversities (greater score indicates more adversities) and home atmosphere (greater score indicates better atmosphere) were assessed retrospectively. Resilience in old age was measured with the Hardy-Gill Resilience Scale, depressive symptoms in late middle age with the Beck Depression Inventory, and hand grip strength in late middle age with a dynamometer. Data were analyzed with path modeling with depressive symptoms and grip strength set as mediators. We found that a greater number of childhood adversities and a poorer home atmosphere were associated with poorer resilience in old age (β = - .13; p < .001 and β = .11, p < .001, respectively). These associations were fully mediated by depressive symptoms, but not hand grip strength, in late middle age. The findings indicate that adverse childhood exposures may decrease psychological functioning in middle age, and subsequently, lessen resilience in old age. Future studies should assess whether this pathway can be intervened.