A rare anatomic variant of a single-conduit supraclavicular cephalic arch draining into the external jugular vein presenting with recurrent arteriovenous fistula stenosis in a hemodialysis patient

The cephalic arch is a common location of stenosis, especially in brachiocephalic fistulas. The cephalic arch has a number of anatomic variations. Cephalic arch stenoses are often resistant and have poor primary patency. Here we describe an unusual case of a hemodialysis patient with a single-conduit supraclavicular cephalic arch draining into the external jugular vein presenting with recurrent cephalic arch stenoses and external jugular vein stenosis. In our view, extrinsic compression by the clavicle may contribute to the high rate of recurrence, the lack of complete dilation of even high-pressure balloons, and a theoretically heightened risk of rupture when cutting balloons are used.