Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) is crucial for tissue differentiation in development and drives essential steps in cancer and fibrosis. EMT is accompanied by reprogramming of gene expression and has been associated with the epithelial stem-cell state in normal and carcinoma cells. The cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) drives this program in cooperation with other signaling pathways and through TGF-β-activated SMAD3 as the major effector. TGF-β-induced SMAD3 activation is inhibited by SMAD7 and to a lesser extent by SMAD6, and SMAD6 and SMAD7 both inhibit SMAD1 and SMAD5 activation in response to the TGF-β-related bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We previously reported that, in response to BMP, protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) methylates SMAD6 at the BMP receptor complex, thereby promoting its dissociation from the receptors and enabling BMP-induced SMAD1 and SMAD5 activation. We now provide evidence that PRMT1 also facilitates TGF-β signaling by methylating SMAD7, which complements SMAD6 methylation. We found that PRMT1 is required for TGF-β-induced SMAD3 activation, through a mechanism similar to that of BMP-induced SMAD6 methylation, and thus promotes the TGF-β-induced EMT and epithelial stem-cell generation. This critical mechanism positions PRMT1 as an essential mediator of TGF-β signaling that controls the EMT and epithelial cell stemness through SMAD7 methylation.