Abstract
This work combines the wound-healing-related properties of the host defense peptide KR-12 with wood-derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to obtain bioactive materials, foreseen as a promising solution to treat chronic wounds. Amine coupling through carbodiimide chemistry, thiol-ene click chemistry, and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition were investigated as methods to covalently immobilize KR-12 derivatives onto CNFs. The effects of different coupling chemistries on the bioactivity of the KR12-CNF conjugates were evaluated by assessing their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Potential cytotoxic effects and the capacity of the materials to modulate the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 245.6 macrophages were also investigated. The results show that KR-12 endowed CNFs with antibacterial activity against E. coli and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties and those conjugated by thiol-ene chemistry were the most bioactive. This finding is attributed to a favorable peptide conformation and accessibility (as shown by molecular dynamics simulations), driven by the selective chemistry and length of the linker in the conjugate. The results represent an advancement in the development of CNF-based materials for chronic wound care. This study provides new insights into the effect of the conjugation chemistry on the bioactivity of immobilized host defense peptides, which we believe to be of great value for the use of host defense peptides as therapeutic agents.