Abstract
Bacteria subjected to antiseptic or antibiotic stress often develop tolerance, a trait that can lead to permanent resistance. To determine whether photodynamic agents could be used to counter tolerance, we evaluated three non-iron hemin analogs (M-PpIX; M = Al, Ga, In) as targeted photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) following exposure to sublethal H(2)O(2). Al-PpIX is an active producer of ROS whereas Ga- and In-PpIX are more efficient at generating singlet oxygen. Al- and Ga-PpIX are highly potent aPDI agents against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) with antimicrobial activity (3 log reduction in colony-forming units) at nanomolar concentrations. The aPDI activities of Al- and Ga-PpIX against S. aureus were tested in the presence of 1 mM H(2)O(2) added at different stages of growth. Bacteria exposed to H(2)O(2) during log-phase growth were less susceptible to aPDI but bacteria treated with H(2)O(2) in their postgrowth phase exhibited aPDI hypersensitivity, with no detectable colony growth after treatment with 15 nM Ga-PpIX.