Abstract
Electroactive filament electrodes were synthesized by wet-spinning of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) followed by femtosecond pulse laser deposition of ZnO (CNF@ZnO). A layer of conducting conjugated polymers was further adsorbed by in situ polymerization of either pyrrole or aniline, yielding systems optimized for electron conduction. The resultant hybrid filaments were thoroughly characterized by imaging, spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance, and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. For the filaments using polyaniline, the measured conductivity was a result of the synergy between the inorganic and organic layers, while the contribution was additive in the case of the systems containing polypyrrole. This observation is rationalized by the occurrence of charge transfer between ZnO and polyaniline but not that with polypyrrole. The introduced conductive hybrid filaments displayed a performance that competes with that of metallic counterparts, offering great promise for next-generation filament electrodes based on renewable nanocellulose.