Abstract
Application of minimally invasive methods to enable the measurement of tissue permittivity in the neuromuscular clinic remain elusive. This paper provides a theoretical and modeling study on the measurement of the permittivity of two-dimensional anisotropic tissues such as skeletal muscle with a multi-electrode cross-shaped needle. For this, we design a novel cross-shaped needle with multiple-electrodes and analyse apparent impedance corresponding to the measured impedance. In addition, we propose three methods of estimate anisotropic muscle permittivity. Compared to existing electrical impedance-based needle methods that we have developed, the new needle design and numerical methods associated enable estimating in vivo muscle permittivity values with only a single needle insertion. Being able to measure muscle permittivity directly with a single needle insertion could open up an entirely new area of research with direct clinical application, including using these values to assist in neuromuscular diagnosis and to assess subtle effects of therapeutic intervention on muscle health.