Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays a pivotal role in modulating neuronal-mediated responses to modality-specific sensory stimuli. Recent studies in Drosophila reveal class III (CIII) multidendritic (md) sensory neurons function as multimodal sensors regulating distinct behavioral responses to innocuous mechanical and nociceptive thermal stimuli. Functional analyses revealed CIII-mediated multimodal behavioral output is dependent upon activation levels with stimulus-evoked Ca(2+) displaying relatively low vs. high intracellular levels in response to gentle touch vs. noxious cold, respectively. However, the mechanistic bases underlying modality-specific differential Ca(2+) responses in CIII neurons remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that noxious cold-evoked high intracellular Ca(2+) responses in CIII neurons may rely upon Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) mechanisms involving transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and/or metabotropic G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation to promote cold nociceptive behaviors. Mutant and/or CIII-specific knockdown of GPCR and CICR signaling molecules [GABA (B) -R2, Gαq, phospholipase C, ryanodine receptor (RyR) and Inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R)] led to impaired cold-evoked nociceptive behavior. GPCR mediated signaling, through GABA (B) -R2 and IP(3)R, is not required in CIII neurons for innocuous touch evoked behaviors. However, CICR via RyR is required for innocuous touch-evoked behaviors. Disruptions in GABA (B) -R2, IP(3)R, and RyR in CIII neurons leads to significantly lower levels of cold-evoked Ca(2+) responses indicating GPCR and CICR signaling mechanisms function in regulating Ca(2+) release. CIII neurons exhibit bipartite cold-evoked firing patterns, where CIII neurons burst during rapid temperature change and tonically fire during steady state cold temperatures. GABA (B) -R2 knockdown in CIII neurons resulted in disorganized firing patterns during cold exposure. We further demonstrate that application of GABA or the GABA (B) specific agonist baclofen potentiates cold-evoked CIII neuron activity. Upon ryanodine application, CIII neurons exhibit increased bursting activity and with CIII-specific RyR knockdown, there is an increase in cold-evoked tonic firing and decrease in bursting. Lastly, our previous studies implicated the TRPP channel Pkd2 in cold nociception, and here, we show that Pkd2 and IP(3)R genetically interact to specifically regulate cold-evoked behavior, but not innocuous mechanosensation. Collectively, these analyses support novel, modality-specific roles for metabotropic GABAergic signaling and CICR mechanisms in regulating intracellular Ca(2+) levels and cold-evoked behavioral output from multimodal CIII neurons.