Abstract
Macromolecular crowding inside cells affects the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins. The scaled particle theory (SPT) has played an important role toward establishing a qualitative picture for the effects of crowding. However, SPT-based modeling lacks molecular details. Molecular dynamics simulations overcome this limitation, but at great computational cost. Here, we present a theoretical method for modeling crowding at the atomic level. The method makes it possible to achieve exhaustive conformational sampling in modeling crowding effects and to tackle challenges posed by large protein oligomers and by complex mixtures of crowders.