Abstract
BACKGROUND: A major challenge in learning rhinoplasty is correlating patients' external and internal nasal structures. We aim to explore the application of three dimensional (3D)-printed models of nasal bony-cartilaginous structures in identifying accurate nasal anatomy. METHODS: Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and plastic and reconstructive surgery residents matched patient photograph models, described relative nasal bony-cartilaginous anatomy, completed pre- and postactivity self-evaluations (based on otolaryngology "nasal deformity" milestones including "anatomy," "function," "aesthetic," and "etiology"), and rated the 3D-printed models' usefulness. Descriptive statistics were measured. RESULTS: Thirty-seven residents correctly matched four of six model-photograph pairs and correctly described 15 of 30 anatomic relationships, on average. There was a moderate, statistically significant correlation between postgraduate year and number of correctly matched model-photograph pairs (Spearman rho = 0.58, 95% CI 0.24-0.79) and total items correct (Spearman rho = 0.61, 95% CI 0.28-0.81). Self-ratings on milestones decreased postexercise in all subcategories except "function." From 0 (low) to 100 (high), learners found the exercise useful (median 85 of 100) with a high recommendation for future use (median 87 of 100). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional printed models are a valuable tool for understanding nasal anatomy. Continued standardization of designs and assessments of their educational utility will enhance their broader dissemination and implementation.