Abstract
Volatile lanthanide coordination complexes are critical to the generation of new optical and magnetic materials. One of the most common precursors for preparing volatile lanthanide complexes is the hydrate with the general formula Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(x) (x = 3 for La-Nd, x = 2 for Sm) (hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonato). We have investigated the synthesis of Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(x) using more environmentally sustainable mechanochemical approaches. Characterization of the products using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction shows substantial differences in product distribution between methods. The mechanochemical synthesis of the hydrate complexes leads to a variety of coordination compounds including the expected hydrate product, the known retro-Claisen impurity, and hydrated protonated Hhfac ligand depending on the technique employed. Surprisingly, 10-coordinate complexes of the form Na(2)Ln(hfac)(5)·3H(2)O for Ln = La-Nd were also isolated from reactions using a mortar and pestle. The electrostatic bonding of lanthanide coordination complexes is a challenge for obtaining reproducible reactions and clean products. The reproducibility issues are most acute for the large, early lanthanides whereas for the mid to late lanthanides, reproducibility in terms of product distribution and yield is less of an issue because of their smaller size and greater charge to radius ratio. Ball milling increases reproducibility in terms of generating the desired Ln(hfac)(3)(H(2)O)(x) along with hydrated Hhfac (tetraol) and free Hhfac products. The results illustrate the dynamic behavior of lanthanide complexes in solution and the solid state as well as the structural diversity available to the early lanthanides.