Abstract
Our previous studies have found that intracerebral pretreatment with a low dose of thrombin (thrombin preconditioning, TPC) reduces infarct volume and attenuates brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia. In this study, we examined whether TPC protects against the neuronal death induced by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD), and whether the protection is through thrombin receptors and the p44/42 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK)/ribosomal protein S6 kinases (p70 S6K) pathway. Expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) mRNA was detected in cultured primary rat neurons and thrombin upregulated PAR-1 and PAR-4 mRNA expression. TPC reduced OGD-induced neuronal death (e.g. dead cells: 52.5 ± 5.4% vs. 72.3 ± 7.2% in the control group, n=6, p<0.01). Agonists of PAR-1 and PAR-4 mimicked the effects of thrombin and reduced OGD-induced neuronal death. Pretreatment with thrombin or PAR agonists induced the upregulation of activated p44/42 MAPK and p70S6K (Thr 421/Ser 424). PD98059, an inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK kinase, blocked thrombin-induced upregulation of activated p44/42 MAPK and p70S6K. It also reduced TPC-induced neuronal protection (e.g. dead cells: 68.2 ± 5.2% vs. 56.9 ± 4.6% in vehicle+TPC group, n=6, p<0.05). These results suggest that TPC-induced ischemic tolerance is through activation of thrombin receptors and the p44/42 MAPK/p70S6K pathway.