Abstract
Stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport have been recognized as a potential source of tropospheric ozone over the US. The state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has recently been extended for hemispheric-scale modeling applications (referred to as H-CMAQ). In this study, H-CMAQ is applied to study the stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport during April 2010. The results will be presented in two companion papers. In this Part 1 paper, model evaluation for tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is presented. Observations at the surface, by ozonesondes and airplane, and by satellite across the Northern Hemisphere are used to evaluate the model performance for O(3). H-CMAQ is able to capture surface and boundary layer (defined as surface to 750hPa) O(3) with a normalized mean bias (NMB) of -10%; however, a systematic underestimation with an NMB up to -30% is found in the free troposphere (defined as 750-250hPa). In addition, a new air mass characterization method is developed to distinguish influences of stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) from the effects of photochemistry on O(3) levels. This method is developed based on the ratio of O(3) and an inert tracer indicating stratospheric O(3) to examine the importance of photochemistry, and sequential intrusion from upper layer. During April 2010, on a monthly average basis, the relationship between surface O(3) mixing ratios and estimated stratospheric air masses in the troposphere show a slight negative slope, indicating that high surface O(3) values are primarily affected by other factors (i.e., emissions), whereas this relationship shows a slight positive slope at elevated sites, indicating that STT has a possible impact at elevated sites. STT shows large day-to-day variations, and STT impacts can either originate from the same air mass over the entire US with an eastward movement found during early April, or stem from different air masses at different locations indicated during late April. Based on this newly established air mass characterization technique, this study can contribute to understanding the role of STT and also the implied importance of emissions leading to high surface O(3). Further research focused on emissions is discussed in a subsequent paper (Part 2).