Abstract
The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a growing concern to animal and public health. However, little is known about the spread of CRE in food and livestock and its potential transmission to humans. To identify CRE strains from different origins and sources, 53 isolates were cultured from 760 samples including retail meat products, patients, and porcine excrement. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out, followed by phylogenetic typing, whole-genome sequencing, broth mating assays, and plasmids analyses. Forty-three Escherichia coli, nine Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Enterobacter cloacae isolates were identified, each exhibiting multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Genetically, the main sequence types (STs) of E. coli were ST156 (n = 7), ST354 (n = 7), and ST48 (n = 7), and the dominant ST of K. pneumoniae is ST11 (n = 5). bla NDM-5 (n = 40) of E. coli and bla KPC-2 (n = 5) were the key genes that conferred carbapenem resistance phenotypes in these CRE strains. Additionally, the mcr-1 gene was identified in 17 bla NDM-producing isolates. The bla NDM-5 gene from eight strains could be transferred to the recipients via conjugation assays. Two mcr-1 genes in the E. coli isolates could be co-transferred along with the bla NDM-5 genes. IncF and IncX3 plasmids have been found to be predominantly associated with bla NDM gene in these strains. Strains isolated in our study from different sources and regions tend to be concordant and overlap. CRE strains from retail meat products are a reservoir for transition of CRE strains between animals and humans. These data also provide evidence of the dissemination of CRE strains and carbapenem-resistant genes between animal and human sources.