Abstract
The effect of the sulfur and metal-type content of MoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO, NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO, and NiP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO phosphide on hydroprocessing (HDO, HDCx-HDCn, HCK, HYD, and HYG) of fatty acids was studied. The catalysts were characterized by XRF, XRD, textural properties, XPS, Raman, Py-TPD, and EDS elemental mapping. The chemical analyses by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), EDS elemental mapping, and CHNS-O elemental analysis showed stoichiometric values Al/Mg = 38-40, Mo:Ni:P ∼ 1, and S ≤ 4.5 wt % (this value means that the molar ratio Mo:S ∼ 1.0:1.6, i.e., MoS(2)); also EDS elemental mapping confirmed the presence of Mo, Ni, Al, O, P, Mg, and S with good distribution on Al(2)O(3)-MgO. The impregnation of metals leads to a decrease in the surface area and pore volume as follows NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO < MoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO < NiP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO < Al(2)O(3)-MgO < Al(2)O(3) (unimodal pore size distribution), propitiating a pseudo bimodal pore size distribution with Dp-BJH between ∼5-7 nm and 11.8-14.2 nm for the presence of MgO. XRD confirmed differences between metallic phosphates and phosphides, and XPS confirmed the presence at the surface of Mo(δ+)(0 < δ+ < 2), Mo(4+), Mo(6+), Ni(δ+)(0 < δ+ < 2), Ni(2+), S(2-), SO(4) (2-), P(δ+), and P(5+) species. Raman revealed the presence of MoS(2) only in MoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO and NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO, while the NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO catalyst had a more significant number of Brønsted and Lewis sites, although the increasing temperature decreased the Lewis sites. MoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO was more active at HDO showing the highest production rate for octadecane of 53 mol/(g(cat)·h), whereas NiP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO was more active at HDCx-HDCn [45 mol/(g(cat)·h)] and HCK [6 mol/(g(cat)·h)]; meanwhile, NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO had a mix of HDO [47 mol/(g(cat)·h)] and HDCx-HDCn [41 mol/(g(cat)·h)]. This showed production towards octadecane, heptadecane, and light hydrocarbons, meaning that the fatty acids were deoxygenated through bifunctional sites for hydrogenation (HYD) and hydrogenolysis (HYG) as follows: MoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO (K(1) = 0.08 and K(2) = 0.03 L/mol) < NiMoP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO (K(1) = 0.25 and K(2) = 0.45 L/mol) < NiP-S/γ-Al(2)O(3)-MgO (K(1) = 2.5 and K(2) = 6.5 L/mol). For this reason, we considered that phosphide acts as a structural promoter with sulfur on its surface as a "mixed phosphidic-sulphidic species", allowing the largest generation of heptadecane and octadecane by the presence of BRIM sites for HYD and CUS sites for HYG.