Abstract
BACKGROUND: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose (POD) is the commonest cause of acute liver failure in Europe and North America. Current treatment involves the use of the antidote N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients deemed at risk of liver damage. This regimen was introduced in the 1970s and has remained largely unchanged even though the initial NAC infusion is frequently associated with adverse reactions, in particular nausea, vomiting, and anaphylactoid reactions. NAC has reduced efficacy for preventing liver injury in those patients who present later after overdose. We designed a randomised study investigating the safety and tolerability of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, calmangafodipir (PP100-01), co-treatment with a 12-h NAC regimen compared with NAC treatment alone in patients with POD. METHODS/DESIGN: We have designed an open-label, randomised, exploratory, rising dose design, NAC-controlled, phase 1 safety and tolerability study in patients treated with NAC for POD. A total of 24 patients will be assigned into one of three dosing cohorts of eight patients (n = 6 for PP100-01 and NAC; n = 2 for NAC alone). The doses of PP100-01 are 2, 5, and 10 μmol/kg. The primary outcome is the safety and tolerability of PP100-01 when co-administered with a 12-h NAC regimen compared with NAC treatment alone. Furthermore, the study will explore if PP100-01 has potential efficacy for the treatment of paracetamol-induced liver injury by measurement of conventional clinical and exploratory biomarkers. DISCUSSION: The aim of the study is to test the safety and tolerability of a SOD mimetic, PP100-01, in combination with a 12-h NAC regimen in patients presenting within 24 h of POD. This study will provide valuable data regarding the incidence of adverse events caused by the 12-h NAC plus PP100-01 regimen and may provide evidence of PP100-01 efficacy in the treatment of paracetamol-induced liver injury. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT, 2017-000246-21; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03177395 . Registered on 6 June 2017.