Abstract
Icariin, a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from the herb Epimedium, has been considered as a potential alternative therapy for osteoporosis. Previous research has shown that, unlike other flavonoids, icariin is unlikely to act via the estrogen receptor, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, using rat calvarial osteoblast culture and rat bone growth models, we demonstrated that icariin promotes bone formation by activating the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway requiring functional primary cilia of osteoblasts. We found that icariin increases the peak bone mass attained by young rats and promotes the maturation and mineralization of rat calvarial osteoblasts. Icariin activated cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling of the osteoblasts by increasing intracellular cAMP levels and facilitating phosphorylation of both PKA and CREB. Blocking cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling with inhibitors of the cAMP-synthesizing adenylyl cyclase (AC) and PKA inhibitors significantly inhibited the osteogenic effect of icariin in the osteoblasts. Icariin-activated cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling was localized to primary cilia, as indicated by localization of soluble AC and phosphorylated PKA. Furthermore, blocking ciliogenesis via siRNA knockdown of a cilium assembly protein, IFT88, inhibited icariin-induced PKA and CREB phosphorylation and also abolished icariin's osteogenic effect. Finally, several of these outcomes were validated in icariin-treated rats. Together, these results provide new insights into icariin function and its mechanisms of action and strengthen existing ties between cAMP-mediated signaling and osteogenesis.