Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain cancer in adults; it carries a dismal prognosis despite improvements in standard of care. We developed a combined gene therapy strategy using (1) herpes simplex type 1-thymidine kinase in conjunction with the cytotoxic prodrug ganciclovir to kill actively proliferating tumor cells and (2) doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), an immune stimulatory molecule that induces anti-GBM immunity. As a prelude to a phase I clinical trial, we examined the efficacy and safety of this approach (Muhammad et al., 2010, 2012). In the present article, we investigated the efficacy and safety of the "off-label" use of the antibiotic DOX to turn on the high-capacity adenoviral vector (HC-Ad) encoding therapeutic Flt3L expression. DOX-inducible Flt3L expression in male Lewis rats was assessed using DOX doses of 30.8 mg/kg/day (low-DOX) or 46.2 mg/kg/day (high-DOX), which are allometrically equivalent (Voisin et al., 1990) to the human doses that are recommended for the treatment of infections: 200 or 300 mg/day. Naïve rats were intracranially injected with 1×10(9) viral particles of HC-Ad-TetOn-Flt3L, and expression of the therapeutic transgene, that is, Flt3L, was assessed using immunohistochemistry in brain sections after 2 weeks of DOX administration via oral gavage. The results show robust expression of Flt3L in the rat brain parenchyma in areas near the injection site in both the low-DOX and the high-DOX groups, suggesting that Flt3L will be expressed in human glioma patients at a DOX dose of 200 or 300 mg/day. These doses have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat infections in humans and would thus be considered safe for an off-label use to treat GBM patients undergoing HC-Ad-mediated gene therapy in a phase I clinical trial.