Abstract
The ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) is composed of four subunits that control calcium (Ca) release in cardiac cells. RyR2 serves primarily as a Ca sensor and can respond to rapid sub-millisecond pulses of Ca while remaining shut at resting concentrations. However, it is not known how the four subunits interact for the RyR2 to function as an effective Ca sensor. To address this question, and to understand the role of subunit cooperativity in Ca-mediated signal transduction, we have developed a computational model of the RyR2 composed of four interacting subunits. We first analyze the statistical properties of a single RyR2 tetramer, where each subunit can exist in a closed or open conformation. Our findings indicate that the number of subunits in the open state is a crucial parameter that dictates RyR2 kinetics. We find that three or four open subunits are required for the RyR2 to harness cooperative interactions to respond to sub-millisecond changes in Ca, while at the same time remaining shut at the resting Ca levels in the cardiac cell. If the required number of open subunits is lowered to one or two, the RyR2 cannot serve as a robust Ca sensor, as the large cooperativity required to stabilize the closed state prevents channel activation. Using this four-subunit model, we analyze the kinetics of Ca release from a RyR2 cluster. We show that the closure of a cluster of RyR2 channels is highly sensitive to the balance of cooperative interactions between closed and open subunits. Based on this result, we analyze how specific interactions between RyR2 subunits can induce persistent Ca leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which is believed to be arrhythmogenic. Thus, these results provide a framework to analyze how a pharmacologic or genetic modification of RyR2 subunit cooperativity can induce abnormal Ca cycling that can potentially lead to life-threatening arrhythmias.