Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies, particularly sex-sorted semen and in vitro embryo production (IVP) can contribute to accelerating genetic gain in both dairy breeds and beef breeds suitable for mating with dairy cows by increasing the number of offspring produced from genetically elite dams. Use of sexed semen has rapidly increased in recent years, accelerating herd genetic gain through selection of the best genetic merit dams to breed replacements, allowing non-replacement dams to be bred to beef sires or to act as recipients of beef embryos to improve calf marketability. IVP offers significant advantages over traditional multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET) including increased flexibility in sire usage allowing multiple pregnancies from elite dam-sire combinations to be generated, the ability to produce more embryos per unit time per genetically elite female, the ability to use oocytes from prepubertal females and the more efficient use of rare or high-cost semen straws. Despite these benefits, significant challenges relating to pregnancy loss after embryo transfer, particularly after cryopreservation of IVP embryos, and issues relating to peri- and postnatal health and development of IVP offspring remain to be resolved and hamper the more widespread application of the technology. Improving our understanding of the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms that regulate early embryo development, embryo-endometrial interactions and lead to successful pregnancy establishment is necessary to understand and elucidate the causes of pregnancy loss and provide a basis for new strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes and reproductive efficiency.