Abstract
RATIONALE: In gestational exposure studies, a fostered group is frequently used to control for drug-induced maternal effects. However, fostering itself has varying effects depending on the parameters under investigation OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess whether maternal behavior contributed to enhanced acquisition (higher number of bar presses compared to controls) of nicotine self-administration (SA) displayed by offspring with gestational nicotine and ethanol (Nic+EtOH) exposure. METHODS: Offspring were exposed to Nic+EtOH throughout full gestation, that is, gestational days (GD) GD2-20 and during postnatal days 2-12 (PN2-12), the rodent third trimester equivalent of human gestation during which rapid brain growth and synaptogenesis occur. Young adult (PN60) male offspring acquired operant nicotine SA, using a model of unlimited (i.e., 23 h) access to nicotine. RESULTS: Gestational drug treatments did not alter litter parameters (body weight, volume distribution, crown-rump length, and brain weight) or postnatal growth of the offspring. Fostering increased locomotor activity to a novel environment on PN45 regardless of gestational treatment group. Surprisingly, fostering per se significantly increased the SA behavior of drug-naïve pair-fed controls, so that their drug-taking behavior resembled the enhanced nicotine SA observed in non-fostered offspring exposed to Nic+EtOH during gestation. In contrast, fostering did not change the SA behavior of the Nic+EtOH group. CONCLUSIONS: Fostering is shown to be its own experimental variable, ultimately increasing the acquisition of nicotine SA in control, drug-naïve offspring. As such, the current dogma that fostering is required for our gestationally drug-exposed offspring is contraindicated.