Abstract
The circadian clock controls various physiological processes, including synaptic function and neuronal activity, affecting the functioning of the entire organism. Light is an important external factor regulating the day-night cycle. This study examined the effects of the circadian clock and light on synaptic plasticity, and explored how locomotor activity contributes to these processes. We analyzed synaptic protein expression and excitatory synapse density in the somatosensory cortex of mice from four groups exposed to different lighting conditions (LD 12:12, DD, LD 16:8, and LL). Locomotor activity was assessed through individual wheel-running monitoring. To explore daily and circadian changes in synaptic proteins, we performed double-immunofluorescence labeling and laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging, targeting three pairs of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins (Synaptophysin 1/PSD95, Piccolo/Homer 1, Neurexins/PICK1). Excitatory synapse density was evaluated by co-labeling presynaptic and postsynaptic markers. Our results demonstrated that all the analyzed synaptic proteins exhibited circadian regulation modulated by light. Under constant light conditions, only Piccolo and Homer 1 showed rhythmicity. Locomotor activity was also associated with the circadian clock's effects on synaptic proteins, showing a stronger connection to changes in postsynaptic protein levels. Excitatory synapse density peaked during the day/subjective day and exhibited an inverse relationship with locomotor activity. Continued light exposure disrupted cyclic changes in synapse density but kept it consistently elevated. These findings underscore the crucial roles of light and locomotor activity in regulating synaptic plasticity.