Abstract
Analysis of intact proteins by native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining insight into subunit diversity, post-translational modifications, stoichiometry, structural arrangement, stability, and overall architecture. Typically, such an analysis is performed following protein purification procedures, which are time consuming, costly, and labor intensive. As this technology continues to move forward, advances in sample handling and instrumentation have enabled the investigation of intact proteins in situ and in crude samples, offering rapid analysis and improved conservation of the biological context. This emerging field, which involves various ion source platforms such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) for both spatial imaging and solution-based analysis, is expected to impact many scientific fields, including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and clinical sciences. In this Perspective, we discuss the information that can be retrieved by such experiments as well as the current advantages and technical challenges associated with the different sampling strategies. Furthermore, we present future directions of these MS-based methods, including current limitations and efforts that should be made to make these approaches more accessible. Considering the vast progress we have witnessed in recent years, we anticipate that the advent of further innovations enabling minimal handling of MS samples will make this field more robust, user friendly, and widespread.