Abstract
Grouping behavior is a fundamental component of animal population dynamics, shaped by both environmental factors and the social interactions among individuals, ultimately enhancing adaptability to their habitats. However, the social organization of the wapiti subspecies inhabiting the Tian Shan Mountains remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the grouping behavior of Tianshan wapiti in the Bogda Peak Nature Reserve, northwestern China from July 2019 to November 2020. Using infrared-triggered camera traps, we analyzed seasonal variation in group size and group frequency, as well as sex-specific aggregation and segregation pattern. Our results showed that Tianshan wapiti group sizes varied considerably, ranging from 1 to 32 individuals, with most groups being relatively smaller, typically consisting of 1 to 9 individuals. Seasonal differences in group size were significant (H = 28.91, df = 3, p < 0.05). Additionally, group type showed significant variation across seasons (χ(2) = 93.32, df = 18, p < 0.05). Anakysis of sex-specifia aggregation and segregation (SSAS) indicated no consistent segregation of females and males throughout the year. However, there was a notable tendency for sex-specific aggregation during July and from October to December. These findings provide new insights into the social organization and seasonal grouping behavior of Tianshan wapiti, contributing to a better understanding of their behavioral ecology and informing conservation and management strategies for this subspecies.