Abstract
The relaxivities (R-values) of the gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd(DTPA)2-) ions in a series of skim-milk solutions at 0-40% milk concentrations were measured using NMR spectroscopy. The R-value was found to be approximately linearly proportional to the concentration of the solid component in the milk solution. Using the R-value at 20% solid component (approximately the solid concentration in bovine nasal cartilage), the glycosaminoglycan concentration in bovine nasal cartilage can be quantified using the MRI delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage method without the customary scaling factor of 2. This finding is also supported by the measurements using 23Na NMR spectroscopy, 23Na inductively coupled plasma analysis, and biochemical assay. The choice of the R-value definition in the MRI delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage method is discussed, and the definition of Gd(DTPA)2- ions as "millimole per volume of tissue (or milk solution for substitution)" should be used.