Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a potential therapy for immunological and degenerative diseases. However, large-scale production of EV free from contamination by soluble proteins is a major challenge. The generation of particles from isolated membranes of MSC, membrane particles (MP), may be an alternative to EV. In the present study we generated MP from the membranes of lysed MSC after removal of the nuclei. The yield of MP per MSC was 1 × 105 times higher than EV derived from the same number of MSC. To compare the proteome of MP and EV, proteomic analysis of MP and EV was performed. MP contained over 20 times more proteins than EV. The proteins present in MP evidenced a multi-organelle origin of MP. The projected function of the proteins in EV and MP was very different. Whilst proteins in EV mainly play a role in extracellular matrix organization, proteins in MP were interconnected in diverse molecular pathways, including protein synthesis and degradation pathways and demonstrated enzymatic activity. Treatment of MSC with IFNγ led to a profound effect on the protein make up of EV and MP, demonstrating the possibility to modify the phenotype of EV and MP through modification of parent MSC. These results demonstrate that MP are an attractive alternative to EV for the development of potential therapies. Functional studies will have to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy of MP in preclinical disease models.