Abstract
Based on multiple biological functions (mainly osteogenesis and angiogenesis) of bioactive ions, Zn/Sr-doped calcium silicate/calcium phosphate cements (Zn/Sr-CS/CPCs, including 10Zn-CS/CPC, 20Sr-CS/CPC, and 10Zn/20Sr-CS/CPC) were prepared by the addition of Zn and Sr dual active ions into CS/CPC to further accelerate its bone regeneration in this study. The physicochemical and biological properties of the Zn/Sr-CS/CPCs were systematically investigated. The results showed that the setting time was slightly prolonged, the compressive strength and porosity did not change much, and all groups maintained good injectability after the doping of Zn and Sr. Besides, the doping of Zn and Sr had little effect on the phase and microstructure of hydrated products of CS/CPC. The degradation rate of Zn/Sr-CS/CPCs decreased after doping with Zn and Sr. In mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSC) experiments, all Zn/Sr-CS/CPCs stimulated the viability, adhesion, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity together with osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, Runx2, Col-I, OCN, and OPN). The further addition of Zn and Sr played better and synergistic roles in in vitro osteogenesis. Thereinto, 10Zn/20Sr-CS/CPC manifested the optimum in vitro osteogenic performance. As for human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) experiments, the incorporation of CS doped with Zn and Sr into CPC possessed good vascularization properties of proliferation, NO secretion, tube formation, and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes (VEGF, bFGF, and eNOS). In conclusion, the doping of Zn and Sr into CS/CPC could exhibit excellent osteogenesis and good angiogenesis potentials and 10Zn/20Sr-CS/CPC could be considered as a promising candidate in bone repair.