Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an important member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. BMP4 is expressed in the Leydig cell lineage. We hypothesized that BMP4 might regulate the development of stem/progenitor Leydig cells. The BMP4 receptors, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 were found to be expressed in progenitor Leydig cells of prepubertal testis and isolated cells. BMP4 at 1 and 10 ng/mL significantly reduced androgen production and down-regulated steroidogenesis-related gene and protein expression possibly by activating the SMAD signaling pathway (increasing SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and SMAD4) at 24 h treatment. BMP4 at 0.1 ng/mL and higher concentrations markedly reduced the EdU labeling index of CD90+ stem Leydig cells after 24 h treatment and significantly reduced the number of EdU+ stem Leydig cells on the surface of seminiferous tubules after 7 days of culture. BMP4 at 0.01 ng/mL and higher concentrations significantly blocked the differentiation of stem Leydig cells into adult cells, as shown by the reduction of testosterone secretion and the downregulation of Lhcgr, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Hsd11b1, and Insl3 and their function after 3D seminiferous tubule culture for 3 weeks, and this effect was reversed by co-treatment with the BMP4 antagonists noggin and doxomorphine. In addition, BMP4 also blocked stem Leydig cell differentiation through SMAD-independent signaling pathways (ERK1/2 and AMPK). Ethanedimethane sulfonate (EDS) single injection can result in reduction of testosterone, restoration can happen post treatment. In an in vivo model of Leydig cell regeneration following EDS treatment, intratesticular injection of BMP4 from day 14 to day 28 post-elimination significantly reduced serum testosterone levels and down-regulated the expression of Scarb1, Star, Hsd11b1, and Insl3 and its proteins, possibly through SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent (ERK1/2 and AMPK) signaling pathways. In conclusion, BMP4 is expressed in cells of the Leydig cell lineage and blocks entry of stem/progenitor Leydig cells into adult Leydig cells through SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling pathways.