Abstract
We demonstrate a low-temperature reduction method for exhibiting fine control over the oxidation state of substitutional Mn ions in strontium titanate (SrTiO(3)) bulk powder. We employ NaBH(4) as the chemical reductant that causes significant changes in the oxidation state and oxygen vacancy complexation with Mn(2+) dopants at temperatures <350°C where lattice reduction is negligible. At higher reduction temperatures, we also observe the formation of Ti(3+) in the lattice by diffuse-reflectance and low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In addition to Mn(2+), Mn(4+), and the Mn(2+) complex with an oxygen vacancy, we also observe a sharp resonance in the EPR spectrum of heavily reduced Mn-doped SrTiO(3). This sharp signal is tentatively assigned to surface superoxide ion that is formed by the surface electron transfer reaction between Ti(3+) and O(2). The ability to control the relative amounts of various paramagnetic defects in SrTiO(3) provides many possibilities to study in a model system the impact of tunable dopant-defect interactions for spin-based electronic applications or visible-light photocatalysis.