Background
The specificity of the leukocyte esterase test (87%) is suboptimal. The
Conclusions
Urinary proteins involved in the inflammatory response may be useful in identifying children with false positive results with current screening tests for UTI; this may reduce unnecessary treatment.
Methods
Prospective cross-sectional study to compare inflammatory proteins in blood and urine samples collected at the time of a presumptive diagnosis of UTI. We also evaluated serum RNA expression in a subset.
Results
We enrolled 200 children; of these, 89 were later demonstrated not to have a UTI based on the results of the urine culture obtained. Urinary proteins that best discriminated between children with UTI and no UTI were involved in T cell response proliferation (IL-9, IL-2), chemoattractants (CXCL12, CXCL1, CXCL8), the cytokine/interferon pathway (IL-13, IL-2, INFγ), or involved in innate immunity (NGAL). The predictive power (as measured by the area under the curve) of a combination of four urinary markers (IL-2, IL-9, IL-8, and NGAL) was 0.94. Genes in the pathways related to inflammation were also upregulated in serum of children with UTI. Conclusions: Urinary proteins involved in the inflammatory response may be useful in identifying children with false positive results with current screening tests for UTI; this may reduce unnecessary treatment.