Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fluctuations in [CO 2 ] have been widely studied as a potential driver of plant evolution; however, the role of a fluctuating [O 2 ]:[CO 2 ] ratio is often overlooked. The present study aimed to investigate the inherent physiological plasticity of early diverging, extant species following acclimation to an atmosphere similar to that across the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction interval (TJB, approx. 200 Mya), a time of major ecological change. METHODS: Mature plants from two angiosperm ( Drimys winteri and Chloranthus oldhamii ), two monilophyte ( Osmunda claytoniana and Cyathea australis ) and one gymnosperm ( Ginkgo biloba ) species were grown for 2 months in replicated walk-in Conviron BDW40 chambers running at TJB treatment conditions of 16 % [O 2 ]-1900 ppm [CO 2 ] and ambient conditions of 21 % [O 2 ]-400 ppm [CO 2 ], and their physiological plasticity was assessed using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence methods. KEY RESULTS: TJB acclimation caused significant reductions in the maximum rate of carboxylation ( V Cmax ) and the maximum electron flow supporting ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration ( J max ) in all species, yet this downregulation had little effect on their light-saturated photosynthetic rate ( A sat ). Ginkgo was found to photorespire heavily under ambient conditions, while growth in low [O 2 ]:[CO 2 ] resulted in increased heat dissipation per reaction centre ( DI o / RC ), severe photodamage, as revealed by the species' decreased maximum efficiency of primary photochemistry ( F v / F m ) and decreased in situ photosynthetic electron flow ( Jsitu ). CONCLUSIONS: It is argued that the observed photodamage reflects the inability of Ginkgo to divert excess photosynthetic electron flow to sinks other than the downregulated C 3 and the diminished C 2 cycles under low [O 2 ]:[CO 2 ]. This finding, coupled with the remarkable physiological plasticity of the ferns, provides insights into the underlying mechanism of Ginkgoales' near extinction and ferns' proliferation as atmospheric [CO 2 ] increased to maximum levels across the TJB.