Abstract
This study systematically investigated three influential factors-water-to-binder ratio, cement/sand ratio, and steel fiber content-that significantly impact the performance of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Utilizing the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Design (CCD), 20 carefully designed mix proportions underwent comprehensive experimental testing. Through rigorous statistical analysis, models were established to elucidate the complex relationships between the specified factors and the overall properties of UHPC. Variance analysis reveals significant effects of the three factors on UHPC performance, with workability and compressive strength increasing with higher cement/sand ratios while flexural strength decreases. Moreover, increased water-to-binder ratios exhibit substantial negative impacts on both 28-day compressive and flexural strengths. Despite adversely affecting workability, higher steel fiber dosages contribute positively to mechanical performance. Furthermore, Monte Carlo sampling and the multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) were employed to validate the reliability of the statistical model and to conduct multi-objective optimization. The final UHPC mix design obtained consists of a cement/sand ratio of 1.12, a water/binder ratio of 0.16, and a steel fiber content of 2.94%. Experimental results yielded a slump flow of 802 mm, compressive strength of 122.7 MPa, and flexural strength of 24.3 MPa.